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Retained Struck Through Staple

PART VI. Striking Errors:

Struck Through Errors:

Retained Struck Through Errors:

“Staple”

Definition: A retained struck-through error occurs when the foreign object is embedded and retained in the struck coin. Other terms are “struck-in error”, and “embedded struck-through error”.

Steel “staples” are sometimes found embedded in coins. They are not really staples at all. Instead they are believed to be detached bristles from wire brushes used to clean encrusted gunk from the surface of dies.

This 1966(P) Lincoln cent was struck with a “staple” resting on top of the planchet. The “staple” has been retained, making the specimen much more desirable than a coin with merely the impression of a “staple”.

Images are courtesy of Heritage Auctions.

Retouching The 44 On The 1944 Lincoln Cent

The doubling commonly seen on the last two digits of the 1944 Lincoln cent was long thought to be the result of master die doubling. This determination was changed when it became apparent that the last two digits were engraved into the master die of that year, rather than punched-in. The doubling would therefore have to be the result of re-touching the last two digits.

The images above show extra serifs at the bottom of the last two digits (“44”) as well as notching at various location. As the master die transfers its design to a succession of working hubs, these faults became less distinct over time. The image above and to the right shows the gradual fading of those errant marks.

Retouching The Date

PART IV: Die Errors

Retouching the Date:

Master or Working Dies

Definition: The date has been re-engraved on the master or working die.

The working dies used for the 1946-S Lincoln cent appear to have had weakness in numerals 4 and 6. This may be due to insufficiently deep engraving of those digits into that year’s master die. The above image shows this weakness in the last two digits of the date. However, the 1946-(P) and the 1946-D Lincoln cents do not have this weakness, and they were presumably produced by the same master die. The weakness in the 1946-S dies may instead be due to wear affecting the master die. This would, of course, mean that the San Francisco working hubs were produced after those intended for Philadelphia and Denver.

Whatever the cause, the Mint seemed to be aware of it and tried to correct the weakness in the last two digits by retouching them. Above are two examples that show attempts to re-engrave numeral 4. The diagonal of the 4 exhibits a rough crease (white arrow). Notice that these are two different working dies, as indicated by the two different mintmark styles.

The image above and to the left shows extra serifs at the bottom of the last two digits (“44”) as well as notching at various location. As the master die transfers its design to a succession of working hubs, these faults became less distinct over time. The image above and to the right shows the gradual fading of those errant marks.

Retouching Of Design Elements

PART IV. Die Errors:

Die retouching (master hub, master die, working hub or working die)

Retouched details on master and working hubs (1920s

to 1940s)

Definition: From the 1920s to the late 1940s, the Mint retouched some master and working hubs, generally in an effort to sharpen outlines. Every denomination is affected. While most of the retouching affects the outlines of major design elements, some master and working hubs had interior parts of the busts retouched as well. The term “channeling” is used when referring to retouching efforts that produce a thin trough at the margin of affected design elements.

The 1937(P) Lincoln cent seen above at left shows retouching in the form of a channel along the outline of Lincoln’s bust. The image to the above right shows a 1943(P) Lincoln cent with the same type of channeling as the 1937(P) Lincoln cent.

The 1937(P) Buffalo nickel (Indian head nickel) pictured above has channeling at the bottom of the lowest feather and the half feather. The Indian’s hairline that covers his neck also appears to have been retouched.

The 1942(P) Winged Liberty dime (Mercury dime) pictured above shows channeling around Liberty’s bust.

The 1943-D Winged Liberty dime pictured above shows retouching on the forward hair-line of Liberty. The wings on Liberty’s cap also received some channeling on this working hub.

The 1940(P) Washington quarter at upper left shows channeling along the outline of Washington’s queue. The 1941(P) Washington quarter pictured at upper right also has channeling on the outline of the bow and the interior line of the bow’s tail. These grooves may have been carved on the master hub since channeling appears on many of the Washington quarters of that decade.

This 1923(P) Peace dollar shows definite signs of being retouched. The images above show a portion of Liberty’s crown. A magnified view of the affected rays (above right) show channels on the left side of each ray, with the channel terminating at Liberty’s hair line. Another interesting feature is that the channels appear to have been carved twice.

Other design features on the same 1923(P) Peace dollar also seem to have been retouched. The area around Liberty’s cap, especially under the cap, appear to have been strongly retouched (image at left). Liberty’s flowing hair also shows signs of being retouched (image at right).

Another retouched area on the same 1923(P) Peace dollar is the back of Liberty’s neck (image at left). While most retouching seen on Peace dollars affects the obverse die, the image at right shows retouching under the eagle’s bill and strong retouching of the line separating the upper bill from the lower bill. This reverse was found on a 1924(P) Peace dollar.

The eagle’s claws and the shafts of the arrows have been retouched on the reverse face of this 1942 (P) Washington quarter.

The image above is from a 1944(P) Washington quarter that shows the exact same retouching.

The reverse of a 1940(P) Washington quarter also has the same retouching. This also holds true for every year that I have researched up to and including 1949. Obviously, this means that the same master hub was used for all Washington quarters from 1940 to 1949.

However, this does not seem to be the case with the obverse die. See the next set of images below.

The image to the right shows the obverse of a 1942(P) Washington quarter. The channeling is most obvious from the tip of Washington’s nose to the upper part of his neck. Not shown is the channeling around the lower part of
Washington’s queue and bow.

Except for the base, the entire outline of Washington’s bust on this 1944(P) Washington quarter was highlighted by channeling.

The obverse die that struck this 1946(P) Washington quarter shows channeling only on Washington’s queue and bow.

The variability documented above would indicate that portions of the obverse die (e.g., queue and bow) were retouched on the master hub used during the 1940s, while additional retouching was occasionally performed on individual working hubs.

Rim Cud

Part IV. Die Errors

Die Breaks:

Rim Cuds

Definition: Represents loss of part of the die’s rim gutter. On the coin it appears as a raised interruption in the design rim that perfectly tracks the course of the design rim.

The 1985-P Washington Quarter shown above has a rim cud at 5 o’clock.

Rim-To-Rim Cud

Part IV. Die Errors:

Die Breaks:

Cuds:

Rim-to-Rim Cuds

Definition: A large flake spalls off the die face, connecting two points on the rim. This is the rarest type of cud.

This 1998-P quarter shown above was struck by a pair of heavily damaged dies. A large flake of die steel detached itself from the obverse die face, leaving a dumbbell-shaped, rim-to-rim cud. This cud was almost certainly produced by the same impact or impacts that damaged the dies. The cud overlaps and hides a very wide line of separation that formed between the intact portion of the die and a retained cud that houses the last two digits of the date.

PREMISSION GRANTED

This page is to be used for images that we have been granted permission to use. For each permission granted entry, use a new dialog box with appropriate information.

Yes,
you have my permission to link to the reduction lathe doubling information and
to any other aspects of my site as well. The primary goal of my site is
education.

Send
me a news release when you guys are ready to go public with your site and I
will put it on the News page of my site.

John (John Wexler)

You can use Heritages images as long as you credit Heritage / Heritage
.com for the photography.

Thank you,

Scott Beaty | Client/ Bidder Services

HERITAGE AUCTIONS

214-409-1486 | 800-835-3243 | Fax: 214-409-2486

3500 Maple Avenue, 17^th Floor

Dallas TX, 75219

scottb@HA.com | www.HA.com

From:
bradm@HA.com

To: MDia1@aol.com

Sent: 2/14/2012 10:06:43 A.M. Central Standard Time

Subj: RE: Request use of pictures for new website

Yes sir.

Brad Meadows

Senior Numismatist

Sure

You
have permission to use that upset mill photo

Rich
schemmer

Sent from my iPhone

On Mar 23, 2012, at 9:06 AM, InNff@aol.com wrote:

Hi Rich,

I hope that this finds you doing well up in New York. We are doing good down
here in Florida, except that it is starting to get a bit warm and that is
early.

Okay, a group of us are putting a new site together and I would like to use
your picture of an upset mill in this site. While the site is still under
construction and not publicly well known as of yet, it is still viewable; WWW.error-ref.com. This is the picture in question;

<tour3.jpg>

Thanks Rick and
hope to see you at the winter FUN show.

Regards,

robjoyce, a member of Wikispaces, has sent you a
message. Please do not reply to this email. To respond, follow the link below
to view the message in your browser.

Feel
free to use the 79-cc VAM-3, and thanks for asking.

Regards,

Rob

Dear
Mr. Neff,

Thank
you for contacting us for permission to repost Coin World articles on www.error-ref.com and www.maddieclashes.com.
I’ve attached a copy of our guidelines for online reposting for your review.
Your request indicates that you are already close to agreeing to the guidelines.
If they are acceptable to you, please advise and you will be good to go. If you
don’t have a complete list of the articles you will be using, per section 1, it
will be OK with me if you send it to me once it has been compiled.

If
you have any questions, please let me know.

Best
regards,

Dave
Akin

Rights
& Permissions Manager

Amos
Hobby Publishing

911
S. Vandemark Rd.

Sidney,
OH 45365

937-498-0868

937-498-0808
fax

Hi
BJ,

The
second link beneath each article in red takes you to the actual story available
on CoinWorld.com. That is the link that should be used on your site. The
following stories titled in red on your list are OK to repost based on the
guidelines you have received:

#59-60,
62, 67-81, the last 12 articles were un-numbered #82-94.

Please
let me know when you have them up on the site so that I can take a look.

All
for now,

Dave (Akin – Coin World)

Hello BJ, and thanks for contacting me. I
would be very pleased to provide you with these photographs if I am given
credit for it. Something like this: “This example was discovered
undiagnosed on eBay by John D. Call, eBay seller i.d. capped-bust-deals.” If
that is written in with the pictures, then I would be happy to grant
permission. Please let me know if this is acceptable. Thanks!

John

John D. Call

Here
are my three examples. Sorry but it was hard taking photos through slabs.
The first is a Phil. 1 Piso struck on US Clad Half planchet, the second
is a Phil. 25 centimos struck on a US Cent planchet and the third is a Canadian
Pride quarter struck on a US nickel planchet. The Canadian error is very
rare in that Canada wasn’t striking coins for the US mint but only supplying
nickel and Sacagawea planchets in 1999 and 2000. This coin is a true
foreigner since somehow it found its way into the Canadian coining process.
Please note that maybe it would be possible to break down this new error
type further. One being foreign coins struck on a US planchets struck at
the US mint; and the other being foreign coins struck on US planchets in a foreign
mint. Thanks Jim Zimmerman

Progressive Indirect Design Transfer

PART IV. Die Errors:

Die Deterioration / Deformation Errors:

Progressive Indirect Design Transfer

Definition: This is a lesser known form of die deterioration which transfers design outlines from one die to the other. Since there are many types of design transfer (clashed dies, brockages, etc.), it is preferable to call this type of design transfer “Progressive Indirect Design Transfer” or “PIDT”. Other synonyms you’re likely to encounter are “heavy design transfer”, “internal metal displacement phenomenon (IMDP), and “ghosting”.

Progressive indirect design transfer chiefly involves large, centrally-located design elements. It’s most likely to occur in thinner denominations.

The image to the top left shows the reverse of a 1946-S Lincoln cent while the image to the top right shows the reverse of a 1948-S Lincoln cent. Both show a vague outline of Lincoln’s bust. Both of these years produced this type of design transfer in abundance.

The cause of PIDT is straightforward. When the hammer die (obverse die) strikes the planchet, the force of the strike is transferred into and through the planchet and onto the opposing die (reverse or anvil die). Since the dies are slightly convex, the strongest force felt on the planchet is in the center of that planchet. However, in the case of the Lincoln cent, the center of the obverse die is incuse, so the area on the obverse die that experiences the first and strongest force is the field area immediately adjacent to Lincoln’s bust. Each strike transmits part of the force onto the opposing die. The area that transfers the most force onto the reverse die is the outline of Lincoln’s bust. This transferred force produces uneven metal flow in the reverse die, gradually creating a “ghost” image of Lincoln.

Since coins that are in a Late Die State (LDS) develop this trait, it is considered a form of die deterioration.

The 1945-D Winged Liberty dime shown above has Progressive Indirect Design Transfer. Notice the outline of Liberty’s head on the reverse of the coin. This type of anomaly is often confused with a die clash.

The 1912 English One Penny shown above displays a strong case of Progressive Indirect Design Transfer. The outline of King George V can be seen surrounding Britannia on the reverse of the coin.

Push Doubling

PART VI. Striking Errors:

Machine Doubling:

Push Doubling:

Definition: Push doubling occurs when a die bounces off the surface of the coin, shifts position, and lands lightly in a different spot. A diagnostic feature is marginal shelving at the edges of design elements. Interior features often show rounded doubling that is easily mistaken for the effects of a double strike or a doubled die. Push doubling can occur on either face, although its most dramatic expressions tend to appear on the face struck by the hammer die. Cases of push doubling can involve up to three closely-spaced sets of accessory design elements. Push doubling can occur on both faces simultaneously and often in different directions. Up to three different doubling directions can be represented on a single face.

Forms of machine doubling combining elements of both push doubling and slide doubling do occur.

Classic machine doubling can be seen on this 1991 Lincoln cent. The doubling occurs on both faces. The obverse face shows doubling in three different directions — east-to-west, south-to-north, and north-to-south.

Below is a 1989 Lincoln cent with push doubling. The light green areas show where the die rebounded off of the date and pushed it down; the resulting illustration shows the doubled areas removed to demonstrate how the device is thinned down (or missing). The final illustration is a close up showing how the doubling is flat or shelf like.

Push doubling is often naked eye obvious, this is due to the way the rebounded areas have cut into the metal and often have a different, shinier surface that will catch the light differently. New collectors will often mistake common push doubling as being a doubled die or a in collar rotated double strike.

A doubled die is an additive process where the hub has left multiple impressions of a device, this will result in rounded doubled areas and make the device larger. Doubled dies most often have notching which is where the sharp corners of the doubled areas overlap; machine doubling cannot do this.

Below is a close up of a Lincoln cent with push doubling and below that a close up of 1983 DDR-001 with rounded doubling. The push doubling shows a marginal doubling that is flat, uneven and cuts into the device. The doubled die shows the O of cent with an additional part of the same O, incomplete and adjacent. While the more lightly hubbed O is incomplete, the first hubbed O was not.

The illustration first shows shows a in collar rotated double strike on a token where the black arrows show the first strike of CA, subsequently flattened, the hammer die retracted then struck a second time and the red arrows show the CA from from that strike. The red arrows show areas from the first strike that were not impacted from the second. At the bottom is push doubling where the green arrows show the RTY and then the violet arrows where die rebounded and flattened part of the devices.

Radial Flow Lines

PART IV. Die Errors:

Die Deterioration / Deformation Errors:

Severe Die Wear:

Radial Flow Lines

Definition: As the die ages, the cold metal flow from striking planchets will groove the die face in a radial pattern.

The 20 Sen coin from the Bank Negara Malaysia shows severe die deterioration. The letters in BANK and NEGARA show deep, radial grooved lines caused by cold metal flow. Die deterioration is present around the leaf of the hibiscus flower. The bottom of the letters also show die deterioration doubling.

The 1988-P dime shows strong radial flow lines.