PART IV. Die Errors:

Rotated Die Error:

Dynamic Rotation

Definition: In a rotated die error, one of the dies spins around its vertical axis.  In the case of a normal, in-collar rotated die error, it is impossible to determine which die has rotated.  Complex and compound rotated die errors — where the die rotation is combined with at least one other error — do allow us to determine which die rotated.  In the vast majority of cases, the hammer die is the culprit.

Die rotation errors can be stable or dynamic.  This 1945 S Lincoln cent has been found with different degrees of rotation  between the dies making its movement dynamic. It is shown in the images below with a 50° rotation between the obverse to reverse die.